2. In the 18th century the Pacific became the final frontier.

3. In 1771, Bougainville published an account of his voyage, the Voyage auteur de monde.

4. The Pacific islands were not merely the rococo pleasure grounds that Bougainville's and Commerson’s descriptions had made them.

6. For Herder the concept of a people, a Volk, and the concept of an empire were simply incompatible.

7. European empires provided to be far more adaptable than Herder had allowed for.

8. The Greek Amphictyonic Council had been a loose federation of city-states dedicated to the protection of the temple of Demeter at Anthelia near Thermopylae.

9. By 1814, Napoleon himself was in exile on the island of Elba.

11. The Ottoman Sultanate resisted European incursions by playing off one power against another in what came to be called the “Great Game”

12. Macartney is best remembered today for his celebrated refusal to perform the traditional kowtow before the emperor.

14. The Crusades were religious conflicts, and they took place at a time when the Muslim world was as powerful as Christianity.

15. Christianity and Islam are both heresies of Judaism, and therefore have much in common, but in one crucial respect they are very different faiths.